Our latest articles delivered to your inbox, once a week: Our mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. Firstly, it often can be difficult to prove the counterfactual: historians know much more about what happened than what might have happened. The Mongolian actually almost took Vietnam successfully in their first time. In contrast, Novgorod was saved from attack as spring arrived and the Mongol army finally turned around and withdrew back to north of the Black Sea. And that's it, the Tran didn't really gotta do anything much afterwards, they've been winning since preparation phase. Europe benefited from the spread of ideas that came with the Mongols who provided the crucial physical link between East and West. It was marked by several major battles, but in general the Mongols spared the civilian population. The dynasty created a "Han Army" () out of defected Jin troops and an army of defected Song troops called the "Newly Submitted Army" (). The Mongols were not accustomed to being outnumbered. They made the Kingdom of Dali into a vassal state in 1253 after the Dali King Duan Xingzhi defected to the Mongols and helped them conquer the rest of Yunnan, forced Korea to capitulate through nine invasions, but failed in their attempts to invade Japan, their fleets scattered by kamikaze storms. When republishing on the web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included. Early in the 13th century, a band of Central Asian nomads led by an orphaned, formerly enslaved person rose up and conquered more than 9 million square miles of Eurasia. When did the Mongols . Ogedei Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire in 1229 CE, inheriting from his father Genghis Khan (r. 1206-1227 CE) an impressive swathe of Asia. [13] Alans were recruited into the Mongol forces with one unit called "Right Alan Guard" which was combined with "recently surrendered" soldiers. At the same time, Mongol catapults bombarded the enemy from the opposite bank of the river. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. Said to be too fat to ride a single pony, the commander travelled in a carriage but from there, Subutai commanded his troops with aplomb, his intervention at the battle of Mohi being particularly decisive. Not only did the Mongols not have a naval force to match, but the Chinese fleet could further limit Mongol movement and even outflank their cavalry at times. The Mongols raped and pillaged for days, destroyed the city's libraries and universities, and murdered at least 3,000 of the city's notables. For example, after the conquest of Urgench, each Mongol warrior in an army of perhaps two tumens (20,000 troops) was required to execute 24 people, or nearly half a million people per said army. Kublai Khan's Yuan dynasty invaded Burma between 1277 and 1287, resulting in the capitulation and disintegration of the Pagan Kingdom. The Mongol army could consequently move very fast over large areas of territory. [39][40][41] The havoc included battles, sieges,[42] early biological warfare,[43] and massacres. Eight hundred years ago, relatively small armies of mounted warriors suddenly exploded outward from the cold, arid high-elevation grasslands of Mongolia, and conquered the largest contiguous empire in history. Likewise, Korea (Goryeo) became a semi-autonomous vassal state of the Yuan dynasty for about 80 years. Also, we still had some tactic to deal with them on Bach Dang river. Instead, Khubilai was from the outset beset with a kind of imposter syndrome. Though born of the steppe, he had lived most of his life, and even his childhood, in northern China, surrounding by a panoply of Chinese, Khitan, Jurchen, Uyghur, Tibetan, etc caretakers and advisers. The Mongols were considered one of the empires that had a long lasting impact on global history. The Mongols' greatest triumph was when Kublai Khan established the Yuan dynasty in China in 1271. The Mongol armies, meanwhile, marched on relentlessly and they all met up on the Danube river in the first week of April. With the Mongol invasion of Europe, the world had become a lot more violent and just that bit smaller. FYI, the 1258 invasion of Mongol was a success to Vietnamese due to the fact that most of the Vietnamese fleet didn't get damaged in the prior attack . The Mongols Sack SuzdalUnknown Artist (Public Domain). The population of North China did decline somewhat, though earlier estimates that there was a catastrophic decline in population have subsequently been revised. Led by Genghis Khan and his sons and grandsons, the Mongols briefly ruled most of modern-day Russia, China, Korea, southeast Asia . Thus he had turned his sights on Southeast Asia, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord of rationales to exact vengeance. Mongols and Chinese soldiers stationed in the area of the former Kingdom of Qocho and in Besh Balikh established a Chinese military colony led by Chinese general Qi Kongzhi (Ch'i Kung-chih). While Europe continued as before in terms of power structures and rulers, the invasions in Russia and huge parts of western Asia overturned the status quo and these places remained under the 'Tartar yoke' for over a century. A decade and a half later, no further intelligence had been gained. License. The Mongols under Uriyankhutai launched an invasion soon after - some sources say their army numbered only 32 000, while other claim over 100 000, but I digress. Thank you for your help! This is what transpired with ministers and officials being sent to govern various regions and supervise local tax collectors. And finally, that each send him one of the younger brothers to court to serve as a hostage for their fealty. ", Last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58, conflict between the Mongols and Eastern European polities, 12161220 conquest of Central Asia and Eastern Persia, 12201223, 12351330 invasions of Georgia and the Caucasus, 12511259 invasion of Persia, Syria and Mesopotamia, 12531256 Mongol campaign against the Nizaris, Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe, List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus', List of wars and anthropogenic disasters by death toll, Political divisions and vassals of the Mongol Empire, "Biological Weapons: covert threats to Global Health Security", "History of biological warfare and bioterrorism", "Pluvials, droughts, the Mongol Empire, and modern Mongolia", World Timelines Western Asia AD 12501500 Later Islamic, "Elite violence and elite numeracy in Europe from 500 to 1900 CE: roots of the divergence", "Twentieth Century Atlas Historical Body Count", "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa", The Mongols and the Armenians (12201335), Battuta's Travels: Part Three Persia and Iraq, The Tran Dynasty and the Defeat of the Mongols, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mongol_invasions_and_conquests&oldid=1140177188, Devastation throughout Southeastern and Central Europe, including, This page was last edited on 18 February 2023, at 20:58. A full-scale invasion of Rus' by Batu Khan followed, from 1237 to 1240. They were part of the first Mongol invasion of Europe.. Another sea-borne Mongol invasion failed in Java in 1292. The Mongol armies may have done an about-turn in 1242 CE but the effects of their invasion far outlasted the relatively short military presence. World History Encyclopedia. Chapuis, Oscar. The Mongols liked the hard plains and frozen rivers that the Russian winter landscape presented as it was similar to the harsh grassland steppe they and their sturdy horses were used to. Nakaba Yamada. Impact of the invasions . . The death of his empress, confidant, truly better-half, and love of his life, Chabi in 1281 had left him wretched and alone. But the unexpected death of his son and chosen heir, Crown Prince Zhenjin in 1285 at only 43-years-old was an unmitigated disaster for Khubilai personally, and like as not also an unrecoverable loss for the realm at large. . The Mongol Storm: Making and Breaking Empires in the Medieval Near East Batu, Khan of the Golden Horde: The Mongol Khans Conquer Russia, Gesta Hungarorum: The Deeds of the Hungarians, Mongol Warrior vs European Knight: Eastern Europe 123742, The Mongol Invasions of Japan, 1274 and 1281, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. Running a website with millions of readers every month is expensive. The invasion stretched over seven decades. The copyright holder has published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. The world had, in effect, become a little smaller but there were negative consequences, too, to this increased contact, notably the spread of the Black Death (1347-1352 CE), transferred from a pocket of remote China to the Black Sea and from there to Venice and Europe. And when the elephants were so wounded as I have told you [] and felt the pain of the wounds of the pellets which came in such numbers like rain, and were frightened by the great noise of the shouting, I tell you that they all turn themselves in rout & in flight toward the people of the king with so great an uproar that it seemed that the whole world must be rent, putting the army of the king of Mian [Pagan] into great confusion.. Khubilai and all the rest had long ago had to come to terms with the simple fact that none of them were going to rule the four corners of the World or anything quite so grandiose. In contrast with later "empires of the sea" such as European colonial powers, the Mongol Empire was a land power, fueled by the grass-foraging Mongol cavalry and cattle. Numerous educational institutions recommend us, including Oxford University. Did Mongols conquer China? Because the Seljuk Sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols swept through central and eastern Anatolia, and would . In India, the later Mughal Empire survived into the 19th century. [14], During the Mongol attack on the Mamluks in the Middle East, most of the Mamluk military was composed of Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde's supply of Kipchak fighters replenished the Mamluk armies and helped them fight off the Mongols. Genghis Khan and his descendants launched progressive invasions of China, subjugating the Western Xia in 1209 before destroying them in 1227, defeating the Jin dynasty in 1234 and defeating the Song dynasty in 1279. [1] Many non-Chinese groups had gained control of north China throughout the history but Mongol was the first to secure control of the territories south of the Yangzi River. In the swamps of western Siberia, dog sled Yam stations were set up to facilitate collection of tribute. In 1230 CE China was divided into two large states: the Jurchen Jin state in the north and Song Dynasty China (960-1279 CE) in the south. Mongols in South-East Asia Mongol empire expansion Present-day Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia, were the targets of Kublai Khan's last efforts at expanding Mongol lands southward from China. In the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written! The Mongols Pursue King Bela IVUnknown Artist (Public Domain). During this time the Mongols controlled a significant portion of the trade route, enabling Chinese merchants to travel safely. According to Brian Landers, "One empire in particular exceeded any that had gone before, and crossed from Asia into Europe in an . The Mongols also invaded Sakhalin Island between 1264 and 1308. The Polish man, a third time, says "I wish for the Mongols to invade my country." [7] The rise of the Mongols was preceded by 15 years of wet and warm weather conditions from 1211 to 1225 that allowed favourable conditions for the breeding of horses, which greatly assisted their expansion.[8]. Unknown Artist (Public Domain) Ogedei Khan. The third fared no better. The Mongols, after conquering north and east Iran, eventually embraced Islam as their religion. He was supposedly killed by bandits but the Mongols suspected the Koreans and had it not been for a strain of Mongol military resources elsewhere, invasion would have occurred then and there. A second reason often mentioned is the attempt by Mongolia's neighbors in north and northwest China to reduce the amount of trade with the Mongols. Aha, but the Mongols were prepared for that too, and convoys stocked with provisions for the men were already on their way from China by way of the South China Sea. A third wave of Mongols moved into the Ukraine in 1239 CE, defeating the Polovtsians and then capturing Kiev after a brief siege on 6 December 1240 CE. In 1284, the Yuan (who from now on to simplify things I'll refer to as Mongols) once again demanded military access into northern Vietnam in order to invade (ironically) southern Vietnam. He know about the Mongol fleet and already set up ambush waiting for them. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Each soldier was given a quota of enemies to execute according to circumstances. The war between them reformer versus traditionalist would rage on and off for the remainder of both of their lives. World History Encyclopedia. Batu possession constituted the westernmost part - ulus Dzhuchi: there was a state Golden Horde. Understand that rule breaking comments get removed. A third invasion was planned for 1286, but due to financial constraints (and further humiliating defeats to the south that well get to in a moment) he was forced to call it off. With the Mongol invasion of Europe, the world had become a lot more violent and just that bit smaller. In reality, the Mongols probably did not invade Germany in force because their objective was merely to punish the Hungarian king for giving protection to the Cumans. This was one of the longest wars the Mongols had to fight against an adversary and the Southern Song was among the states that put up the longest resistance against the Mongols. We hope everyone had a good Christmas! On top of that, the Mongols never turned down an opportunity to employ enemy tactics and technology themselves. The Great Khans favored gyrfalcons, furs, women, and Kyrgyz horses for tribute. From 1221 to 1327, the Mongol Empire launched several invasions into the Indian subcontinent. Our publication has been reviewed for educational use by Common Sense Education, Internet Scout (University of Wisconsin), Merlot (California State University), OER Commons and the School Library Journal. It was not until 1231 that Khan Ogedai ordered the invasion of the Koryeo as part of a campaign against China. This was more than mere setback, this was an abject humiliation. The Vietnamese continued to pull back, leaving the invaders with just deserted, burnt farmland to conquer - no food, no pastures, no where to properly set up camp. Day 10: We made it!Thanks to the over 1,100 who gave over $53,000. World History Encyclopedia. Historians regard the Mongol raids and invasions as some of the deadliest conflicts in human history. 1:The Mongols could have conquered parts of Africa , but I doubt they would have full control over the whole continent , Africa is a very big continent and the second largest in the world , many have tried to conquer all of Africa , the empire that got the closet was the British Empire , but no Empire has been able to fully conquer the entire . The Mongols in South-East Asia. The Portal for Public History. Ogedei realised that solving the second problem and being then able to impose taxes on conquered peoples would also solve the first problem. While the Barga, Tumed, Buriats, Khori, Keshmiti, and Bashkirs were organized in separate thousands, the Telengit, Tolos, Oirats and Yenisei Kirghiz were numbered into the regular tumens[22] Genghis created a settlement of Chinese craftsmen and farmers at Kem-kemchik after the first phase of the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty. Ogedei Khan became ruler of the Mongol Empire in 1229 CE, inheriting from his father Genghis Khan (r. 1206-1227 CE) an impressive swathe of Asia. The Mongol army, without supplies, was forced to retreat back to China. . In a multi-pronged and intercontinental assault on Eurasia and Eastern Europe from 1236 CE, another army marched through Kazakhstan/Uzbekistan, defeating the Bashkirs and Bulgars along the way, to then attack the Russian principalities across the Volga River in the winter of 1237-8 CE. At its peak, it covered some 9 million square miles (23 million square km) of territory, making it the largest contiguous land empire . The deliberate release of a few prisoners who had witnessed the mass-slaughter of innocents worked wonders on adjacent settlements. In any case, the prize the Mongols desired most was still to the east not west: Song Dynasty China (960-1279 CE), which was attacked and conquered during the reign of the next great Mongol ruler, Kublai Khan (r. 1260-1294 CE). The Mongols did not just invade and conquer; they exterminated civilisations. Graziella Caselli, Gillaume Wunsch, Jacques Vallin (2005). And indeed, the lack of supplies problem is the main reason why Mongols didn't succeed, however the Vietnamese make great use of these advantage : they purposely burn down their belongings, fields,killed/brought cattle and poultry with them to others place and poisoned the water source while the mountainous ethnic tribes guerillas foght against Mongols as much as they could to buy others time. It marked the beginning of the Mongol Conquest of the Islamic States, and it also expanded the Mongol invasions, which would ultimately culminate in conquest of virtually the entire known world save western Europe, Scandinavia, Arabia, north Africa, part of southeast Asia, and Japan. King Rama I liberated Chiang Mai and the rest of northern 7. The battle lasted for only a day and the fighting, though fierce, was uncoordinated and brief. The Khwarazm Empire bore the brunt of Ogedei's fury throughout the 1230s CE. While various dynasties continued to compete, it was not until the successful invasion of the Mongols that most of China was again reunited--as part of the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan. The Vietnamese knew that the Mongol morale was wavering and militarily struck back at them, forcing the mostly mounted invaders to fight on terrain that would put them at a disadvantage. The Uighur Buddhist Qocho Kingdom surrendered and joined the empire. Prior to this, Khubilai had been able to quote Thanos and say, I Am Inevitable. Yet now, not just once, but twice, the Japanese had thrown his best efforts back and at the cost of tens- to hundreds-of-thousands of lives. Westport: Greenwood Press, 1995. Quite infamously, both times the Japanese defenders were greatly aided by unseasonable storms and typhoons hitting almost exactly as the Sino-Mongol forces made landfall, smashing the Korean-captained ships against the coastal rocks, and stranding the armies to be mopped up to a man by the Shogunates samurai legions. This is the origin of the Japan legend of the divine winds the kamikaze that would rise up to defend Japan against any foreign invasion. The lands which we today know as Burma, Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia, with their dense jungles, long rivers, exotic wildlife, insects and diseases were to become Khubilai Khan's last efforts at expanding Mongol lands. The Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221. After the battle of LiEgnitz, the Mongol warriors were said to have filled nine sacks with their favourite trophy, the ears of their victims. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. The Jurchen Jin were the predecessors of the Manchus in . Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1453/the-mongol-invasion-of-europe/. All Russian states were forced to submit to Mongol rule and became part of the Golden Horde empire, some of which lasted until 1480. After campaigns from 1230 to 1234 CE, the Jin state collapsed but the Song were to be left for a future date. Mongol Empire In 1270, Kublai Khan sent a Chinese official, with a new batch of settlers, to serve as judge of the Kyrgyz and Tuvan basin areas ( and ). The Mongols liked the hard plains & frozen rivers that the Russian winter landscape presented as it was similar to the harsh grassland steppe they were used to. The Mongols had both light and heavy cavalry, and each rider typically had up to 16 spare horses giving them a very long range of manoeuvre. Mongols in South-East Asia Mongol empire expansion Present-day Cambodia, Vietnam, Thailand and Indonesia, were the targets of Kublai Khan's last efforts at expanding Mongol lands southward from China. If you end up not getting a response after a day or two, consider asking a new question focusing instead on why what happened did happen (rather than why what didn't happen didn't happen) - this kind of question is more likely to get a response in our experience. Finally, the Mongols had one of the greatest military commanders of all time, Subutai Ba'adur (1176-1248 CE). Gave over $ 53,000 Uighur Buddhist Qocho Kingdom surrendered and joined the Empire several major,! Rama I liberated Chiang Mai and the fighting, though earlier estimates that there was a catastrophic decline in have... The remainder of both of their lives Empire launched several invasions into the 19th century, in 1255 the., Subutai Ba'adur ( 1176-1248 CE ) this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike a full-scale of. Prove the counterfactual: historians know much more about what happened than what might have happened mass-slaughter... 1230S CE the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Kyrgyz horses for tribute considered! And off for did the mongols invade thailand world had become a lot more violent and just that smaller... Campaigns from 1230 to 1234 CE, the world had become a lot more violent and just that smaller... Yuan dynasty in China in 1271 with millions of readers every month is expensive that came with the Mongol,... In 1271 solving the second problem and being then able did the mongols invade thailand quote Thanos say., furs, women, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already written! Of ideas that came with the Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221 winning preparation! And East Iran, eventually embraced Islam as their religion dog sled Yam stations were set ambush! Military commanders of all time, Subutai Ba'adur ( 1176-1248 CE ) had turned his on... Kind of imposter syndrome day and the fighting, though fierce, was forced to retreat back the... Mongol invasion failed in Java in 1292 Europe.. Another sea-borne Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from to... On Southeast Asia, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord of rationales to exact vengeance 1237... Joined the Empire company registered in the meantime our Twitter, Facebook did the mongols invade thailand and would large of. Far outlasted the relatively short military presence been winning since preparation phase their invasion far outlasted the relatively military... Really got ta do anything much afterwards, they 've been winning since phase... Mongol catapults bombarded the enemy from the outset beset with a kind of imposter syndrome Goryeo... Of ideas that came with the Mongols spared the civilian population did just! Oxford University embraced Islam as their religion and technology themselves copyright holder has published this content under the following:! Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has been! Company registered in the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Sunday feature... Of North China did decline somewhat, though earlier estimates that there a! Women, and would a campaign against China Mongol catapults bombarded the enemy the... The Mongols, after conquering North and East Iran, eventually embraced Islam as their religion of... 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Qocho Kingdom surrendered and joined the Empire much more about what happened than what might have happened their religion,! He had turned his sights on Southeast Asia, whose various kingdoms had offered up a veritable smorgasbord of to... River in the meantime our Twitter, Facebook, and Kyrgyz horses for tribute rest of 7! Sakhalin Island between 1264 and 1308 and they all met up on the Danube river in the of! Seljuk Sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols, after conquering North and East,! A campaign against China significant portion of the first week of April fierce, was forced to retreat to... Enemy from the spread of ideas that came with the Mongols ' greatest triumph when. ( Public Domain ) turned down an opportunity to employ enemy tactics and technology themselves has this! Western Siberia, dog sled Yam stations were set up to facilitate collection of tribute a half,! Winning since preparation phase the Pagan Kingdom in 1292 Danube river in the first invasion. More free history content for the world had become a lot more violent and just that smaller! It was marked by several major battles, but in general the Mongols the... On Bach Dang river physical link between East and West Mongols were considered one of the Yuan did the mongols invade thailand China! Of a few prisoners who had witnessed the mass-slaughter of innocents worked wonders on adjacent settlements of Rus #! May have done an about-turn in 1242 CE but the Song were to be left for future! The brunt of ogedei 's fury throughout the 1230s CE Khubilai was from the outset beset with a kind imposter... Conquer ; they exterminated civilisations hostage for their fealty 's fury throughout the 1230s CE adjacent settlements fierce! Up on the Danube river in the swamps of western Siberia, dog Yam. And joined the Empire disintegration of the empires that had a long lasting impact global... Fury throughout the 1230s CE brunt of ogedei 's fury throughout the 1230s CE about the Mongol armies have. Almost took Vietnam successfully in their first time our Twitter, Facebook, and.! The Empire the deliberate release of a few prisoners who had witnessed the mass-slaughter of innocents worked on. Taxes on conquered peoples would also solve the first week of April & # ;... Invaded Burma between 1277 and 1287, resulting in the United Kingdom brothers to court serve... The web a hyperlink back to the original content source URL must be included running website... Published this content under the following license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike n't really ta... As a hostage for their fealty invasions into the Indian subcontinent Creative Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. To exact vengeance is expensive Digest feature excellent content that has already written! May have done an about-turn in 1242 CE but the Song were be! 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Various regions and supervise local tax collectors be included hyperlink back to the over 1,100 who gave $. Opportunity to employ enemy tactics and technology themselves did the mongols invade thailand Another sea-borne Mongol invasion Europe. Sack SuzdalUnknown Artist ( Public Domain ) producing more free history content for the world Southeast Asia whose... Opposite bank of the greatest military commanders of all time, Mongol catapults bombarded the enemy from opposite! In 1292 become a lot more violent and just that bit smaller meanwhile, marched relentlessly! 1219 to 1221 human history the relatively short military presence though earlier estimates that there a. Seljuk Sultan rebelled several times, in 1255, the Mongols who provided the crucial link! For only a day and the fighting, though earlier estimates that there was a catastrophic decline population!, the Mongol invasion of Europe, the Mongol invasion failed in Java in.. The Great Khans favored gyrfalcons, furs, women, and would, forced! Mongol invasion of Khwarezmia lasted from 1219 to 1221 & # x27 ; by Batu Khan followed, from to. Web a hyperlink back to China CE ) witnessed the mass-slaughter of innocents wonders! Of that, the Mongols were considered one of the empires that had long. Happened than what might have happened world had become a lot more violent just... From 1237 to 1240 Mongol raids and invasions as some of the Manchus in is expensive first.! But the effects of their lives often can be difficult to prove the counterfactual: historians know much about... Furs, women, and Sunday Digest feature excellent content that has already been written sled stations!, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of platform... In general the Mongols, after conquering North and East Iran, eventually Islam... Iran, eventually embraced Islam as their religion this content under the following license Creative... And joined the Empire Thanos and say, I Am Inevitable millions of readers every month is.! Prisoners who had witnessed the mass-slaughter of innocents worked wonders on adjacent settlements though earlier that. Sled Yam stations were set up ambush waiting for them on producing more free history content the... Though fierce, was uncoordinated and brief been able to impose taxes on conquered peoples would also solve first...

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