It is an abusive system of forced-labor camps. Depending on the locale and its economic situation, the quality of clothing can vary significantly. Harry Wu, a Chinese dissident who mounted an international campaign to expose the horrors of his country's laogai labor camps, where he endured 19 years of captivity as an alleged counterrevolutionary, died April 26 while vacationing in Honduras. The Great African War: Congo and Regional Geopolitics, 19962006. In China, although this argument was used, career preparation was minimal until recently. ditch-digging or manure-spreading) do not often lead to desirable employment. Retrieved January 18, 2007. Stevenson, "Capitol Gains" (2014), p. 314. 124131.) The food consists of sorghum and corn, which are ground into flour and made into bread or gruel. Shulman, William L. A State of Terror: Germany 19331939. "In Georgia, Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander". According to Samuel Totten 1,325,000 ethnic Khmers were killed. After almost starving to death in the camps, he eventually moved to the United States as a visiting scholar in 1985. Proceed to cause one of the worst famine in human history, despite lack of adverse weather. pp. 9: 5971 via Demoskop Weehly vol. Laogai (Chinese: ), short for laodong gaizao (), which means reform through labor, is a criminal justice system involving the use of penal labor and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). February 15, 2011. The Parliamentarian reconquest of Ireland was brutal, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland. The museum appeared to have closed in early 2017[7] following the death of its founder in April 2016,[8] who had been criticised for excessive spending on the museum, rather than on human rights activists themselves. https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laogai&oldid=1138798490, This page was last edited on 11 February 2023, at 17:52. Generally the prisoners return to the barracks at about 6:30p.m. The Columbia Guide to the Holocaust. M . Outside this wall was 40 feet of empty space, followed by another wall, similar to the first but larger. [22], Unlike Laojiao (re-education through labor) inmates, Laogai criminals are issued clothing. (2003)", "Capturing correctly: A reanalysis of the indirect capturerecapture methods in the Peruvian Truth and Reconciliation Commission", "A truth commission did not tell the truth: A rejoinder to Manrique-Vallier and Ball", "India revises Kashmir death toll to 47,000", "Sri Lanka's Choice, and the World's Responsibility", "Sri Lanka: US War Crimes Report Details Extensive Abuses", "Wanton and Senseless? Laogai (), the abbreviation for Lodng Gizo (), which means reform through labor, is a slogan of the Chinese criminal justice system and has been used to refer to the use of penal labour and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Cambridge University Press. Military Historical Archive (- ) (in Russian). Transaction Publishers. Orenburg: GOU OGU. In 2008, the Laogai Research Foundation, a human rights NGO located in Washington, DC, estimated that approximately 1,045 laogai facilities were operating in China, and contained an estimated 500,000 to 2 million detainees. The Human Rights Field Operation: Law, Theory and Practice, Abkhazia Case, Managing Conflict in the Former Soviet Union: Russian and American Perspectives, Alekse Georgievich Arbatov, p. 388, Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Soviet Union, Svante E. Cornell, sfn error: no target: CITEREFThe_New_York_Times_(a)1946 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFZubaida2000 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGirard2011 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFChapman2010 (, "As Christians Flee, Governments Pressured To Declare ISIS Guilty Of Genocide". Others claim 600,000 Iranians killed and 500,000 Iraqis[citation needed]. Today the Laogai continues to exist and could house between 3 and 5 million prisoners, according to the NGO Laogai Research Foundation, so that those death figures could continue to increase day by day. Blame it on rightist sabatoage, capitalist infiltration in . This section includes famines and disease outbreaks that were caused or exacerbated by human action. This is a list of disasters in China by death toll. Harry Wu puts the death toll at 15 million. [9], The museum was funded in part by the Yahoo! New York City: Beechhurst Press. A full list in chronological order is detailed in the list of earthquakes in China. Nigel Bagnall, "The Punic Wars", June 23, 2005. Some scholars dispute that the famine was deliberately engineered by the Soviet government or that it was a genocide. This is a list of anthropogenic disasters by death toll. "Serbia marks anniversary of NATO bombing", "Human Losses of the Croats in World War II and the Immediate Post-War Period Caused by the Chetniks (Yugoslav Army in the Fatherland) and the Partisans (People's Liberation Army and the Partisan Detachments of Yugoslavia/Yugoslav Army) and the Communist Authorities: Numerical Indicators", "Twentieth Century Atlas Historical Body Count", "15,000 black people died in concentration camps", "The Burning of Smyrna/ Izmir (1922) Revisited: Coming to Terms with the Past in the Present", "Commission Calls 1916 Tsarist Mass Killings Of Kyrgyz Genocide Print Share", "Krugosvet Encyclopaedia. Cases were documented of prisoners eating "field mice, crickets, locusts, toads, grapevine worms, grasshoppers, insect larvae and eggs, and venomous snakes". So let's refute these claims. "Establishment of the New Regime". Wu spent 19 years, from 1960 to 1979, as a prisoner in these camps, for having criticized the government while he was a young college student. The Guangdong Cultural Revolution Massacre ( simplified Chinese: ; traditional Chinese: ) was a series of massacres that took place in Guangdong Province of China during the Cultural Revolution. Moise, pp. "B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson, "An Anatomy of the Massacres", Ait-Larbi, Ait-Belkacem, Belaid, Nait-Redjam, and Soltani, in. p. 58. de la Cueva, Julio, "Religious Persecution", harvnb error: no target: CITEREFKernen_et_al.1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWesterlund2004a (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFJyrnki2014 (. These numbers however include only Slovenes from present-day Slovenia: it does not include Carinthian Slovene victims, nor Slovene victims from areas in present-day Italy and Croatia. The following is a list of massacres that have occurred in China. In Jiabiangou, Gansu, around 2,500 out of 3,000 prisoners died of starvation between 1960 and 1962, with some survivors resorting to cannibalism. Oxford: Berg. The Laogai Museum is a museum in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., United States, which showcases human rights in the People's Republic of China, focusing particularly on Logi, the Chinese prison system of "Reform through Labor". This prisoner, called the zhiban or "duty prisoner," delivers the food to the rest of his group in large bowls on a cart. In the Laogai system prisoners are forced to produce goods to be sold on the international market. 4041, 4647, 5153). [24] Roundworms were also a common threat to the prisoners' health, especially in laogai farms, where human excrement was used as fertilizer. London: Africa Watch / Human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 110. Some camps have reported two meals a day, while others allow three. Philimoshin based this figure on sources published in the Soviet era.) Zu Tianli (Chinese, 20th C.) "Year of the Dog" Original Watercolor on 175635071378 Harry Wu puts the death toll at 15 million. I like Mao just took all the failed Soviet programs, that the Soviets themselves said didn't work, scaled it up and execute it. New research from the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) tallies the number of Russians killed or missing in Ukraine since last February at between 60,000 and 70,000, an . P. 63 "Estimates of hundreds or perhaps about a thousand deaths due to Batista's terror are also supported by comments made by Fidel Castro and other Batista critics during the war itself.". Violence peaked in the hundred days between April 7, 1994, and July 15, 1994, during which time between 500,000 and 1,000,000 people were killed. A campaign of political repression by right-wing dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the United States. Violent purge of those deemed Anti-Communist in, Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the summer of 1950, at the start of. "Chinese slaves make goods for American malls", . An eloquent and vivid summary in shocking, never-before-seen photographs smuggled out of the People Republic of China, LAOGAI exposes the human rights record of the world's most authoritarian statea nation whose own remarkable transformation has not extended to the basic demands of its people's freedom. NPR. Also depending on location, the clothing is available in different thicknesses. The destruction of a prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters. Yad Vashem. Not the Last Word", "Statistics of Democide: Chapter 3 Statistics Of Japanese Democide Estimates, Calculations, And Sources", "Secondary Wars and Atrocities of the Twentieth Century", "De re Militari: muertos en Guerras, Dictaduras y Genocidios", "Remains of 19th-Century Chinese Laborers Found at a Pyramid in Peru", "Peru discovers in pre-Incan site tomb of 16 Chinese migrants", "Povetile cumplite din abatorul terorii Peninsula. Tra le accuse spiccano la gestione della carestia ucraina del 1933 e le grandi purghe dei primi anni '30, addossate in totalit a Stalin (omettendo le responsabilit anche di Eov, di cui oggi si sa esserne stato il pianificatore e l'esecutore); spicca anche l'associazione dei Gulag alla figura di Stalin, tant' che alcune testate occidentali arrivarono a identificare Stalin come l . [24] Two diseases rampant among the populations of these camps were tuberculosis and hepatitis. ", Katouzian 2013, p. 1934: "Russian Revolution of 1917 brought much relief to Iran after a century of imperial interference and intimidation. See also: Red Terror (disambiguation), White Terror, and Politicide. Palgrave Macmillan. Every 2 weeks, the prisoners receive "a special meal of pork broth soup and white-flour steamed buns". During those years I yearned for a moment such as. [10] Human rights activist Harry Wu puts the death toll at 15 million. Edition. Purge/kill/gulag anyone who disagreed. Both systems, however, were based on penal labor. Read more about this topic: Laogai 124131 The Russian Academy of Science article by M.V. [3] The existence of an extensive network of forced-labor camps producing consumer goods for export to Europe and the United States became classified. (International Humanitarian Law). The Persian famine of 19171919 was a period of widespread mass starvation and disease in, Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions in. Illness and Inhumanity in Stalin's Gulag", "Victims of Stalinism and the Soviet Secret Police: The Comparability and Reliability of the Archival Data. Between 20 and 43 million dead between 1959 and 1961 during the so-called "Great Leap Forward", mainly because of the famine caused by Mao Tse . At Chinese New Year, a child set off a firecracker and ignited the wreaths for the. Rescuers combed through charred and buckled rail carriages for more victims of Greece's deadliest train crash on Thursday, a disaster that killed at least 46 people and has led to a national outpouring of grief and anger. 90%97% of total Circassian population killed or deported by the Russian forces. Majority of those who died in war perished from famine and disease. It is difficult to determine the total number of people who died as a result of Indian massacres. ", sfnp error: no target: CITEREFPlatt2012 (, Ho Ping-ti, Studies on the Population of China, 13681953 (Harvard University Press, 1953. p. 252. Who's next? Country report. * Bender, Kristof (2013). In 1994, the government abandoned the term laogai and renamed the facilities "prisons" (jianyu), but the Laogai Research Foundation and others claim that forced labor continues and prison conditions have not improved.[1][5]. Bed bugs were so numerous that at night they often moved in swarms. "Conclusions. Their second argument is that criminals have to work in some American prisons, too. The Guns of August 2008, Russia's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell & Frederick Starr, p. 27. The Laogai Museum is a museum in Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C., United States, which showcases human rights in the People's Republic of China, focusing particularly on Logi, the Chinese prison system of "Reform through Labor". But it was followed by severe famine and the Spanish flu pandemic which, combined, took a high toll of around two million, mostly of the Iranian poor. Numbers include Jewish victims and overlap with The Holocaust. CONGRESSIONAL-EXECUTIVE COMMISSION ON CHINA ANNUAL REPORT 2003 Tremblement de terre. The laogai system is a part of the Communist system. The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and 133 Americans.[163]. Chapman, Michael. Undershooting or overshooting the target productivity governs their quality of life. Includes Barbary slave trade. The systematic and bureaucratic genocide of, The term "Ukrainian Genocide" usually refers to the man-made famine of 1932 through 1933, called the, In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched earth policy implemented by the, Deaths due to arbitrary torture, execution, starvation, and forced labor among the population of. spa diskmedel skillnad / egg inc artifacts strategy. [24], Along with a poor diet came many diet-related diseases: beriberi, edema, scurvy, and pellagra were the most common, due to lack of vitamins. It was made to coerce and break people to the point that you could turn them into a new person. Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000. Major civil war in China that led to the foundation of a, Also known as the Second ItaloAbyssinian War, In a study published in 1996, historian Mitsuyoshi Himeta claims that the Three Alls Policy, a scorched-earth policy implemented by the. Memory Gambit: Long Feng's plan to use Jet and this trope against Team Avatar fails. The Industrialisation of Soviet Russia Volume 5: The Years of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 19311933. Lodng Gizo, or Laogai, which means "reform through labor," is the criminal justice system that involves forced labor and prison farms. The prisoner Zhang Xianliang wrote that "the parasites on a single inmate's underpants would be as numerous as the words on the front page of a newspaper". Jonathan Cape, London, 2005. p. 338: sfn error: no target: CITEREFHochschild1999 (. Capitalism did not kill 250 million people, that is a big lie. Once at the worksite, the captain delegates production responsibilities At lunchtime the zhiban arrives pulling a handcart with a large tub of vegetable soup, two hunks of cornbread for each prisoner, and a large tube of drinking water after about 30 minutes, work is resumed until the company chief announces quitting time in the evening. Estimations of death toll go up from 710,000 to 3,500,000. Retrieved March 4, 2018. Crews work to clear debris in Adiyaman, Turkey, following a pair of earthquakes on Feb. 6. Reitlinger, Gerald (1953). During the war, both Nationalists and Communists carried out mass atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides. The Foundation publishes an annual Laogai handbook, newsletters, special investigative reports, and assists television media in preparing documentary films on the Laogai system. At around 10:00 p.m., everyone goes to bed. At the same time, prisoners usually do not make a good workforce. Harff, Barbara & Gurr, Ted Robert: "Toward an Empirical Theory of Genocides and Politicides", 32 International Studies Quarterly 359 (1988). Mao: The Unknown Story. Reyntjens, Filip. "The Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members". White 2011, pp. [15] According to James D. Seymour and Richard Anderson, who both teach at Chinese schools,[16][17] the products made in laogai camps comprise an insignificant amount of mainland China's export output and gross domestic product. The high-speed passenger train with more than 350 people on board smashed head-on into a freight train near the city of . Chris Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed before the last campaign in 230221 BCE. This dam failure was a landmark technological failure in the 20th century. Also Includes those from the, Minimum death toll only includes lowest estimate of those, Communist rule in Hungary, Various leaders, Minimum death toll does not take into account those out of the 150,000 who perished in, Communist rule in East Germany, various leaders. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28 Mai 1974. More than 60,000 Russian troops have died in the first year of the Ukraine war, more than all Russian wars since World War II combined, a new study says. "Laogai" is an abbreviation of laodong gaizao (), which means "reform through labor". from causes both directly and indirectly caused by the war, which includes combat, disease, famine, massacres, suicide, and genocide. Sharpe. There is no concrete number for the number of people killed due to the, According to the Japanese military's own record, nearly 25% of 140,000 Allied, 1134 workers in the garment factory where reported dead and over 2500 injured after it collapsed due to poor engineering and neglect of safety guidelines. Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Haitian Creole: Jan-Jak Desalin; French pronunciation: [ ak dsalin]; 20 September 1758 - 17 October 1806) was a leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1805 constitution. Philimoshin estimated 6% of the population in the occupied regions died due to war related famine and disease.) [citation needed]. Over 60% of the Hazara population were either massacred or displaced in, The Rwandan Genocide may be the fastest killing of a national population in human history in a single annum, with 13% of the population killed in 100 days. This is a list of disasters in China by death toll. Revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective. It was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the massacre of 100 school children. Laogai was modeled after the Soviet Gulag in 1949 by the Chinese Communist Party. "How the U.S. and EU Stopped a War and Nobody Noticed: The Containment of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Soft Power". Campus Verlag. ", Cuba Archive President Maria Werlau says the total number of victims could be higher by a factor of 10. 20522; "Newly released documents on the land reform". Harry Wu background 1988. Not making the number may result in solitary confinement or loss of food privileges. Zedong was responsible for the inhuman economic policies such as the Great Leap Forward, slave labor through the Laogai, violent political purges such as the Cultural Revolution and class extermination through land reform.. "Morir, matar, sobrevivir. [25] They sucked the blood of the prisoners, leaving little red welts all over their bodies. 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Wall was 40 feet of empty space, followed by another wall, similar to the United States,... Dictatorships in South America, sponsored by the Soviet government or that it was a of..., and Politicide the list of disasters in China, although this argument was used career... ) inmates, Laogai criminals are issued clothing died due to War related famine and disease. of non-combatants killed! Disasters in China, although this argument was used, career preparation was minimal recently... One of the worst famine in human history, despite lack of adverse weather Germany.! Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters the camps, he eventually moved the! Them into a New person, prisoners usually do not often lead to desirable employment,... Not make a good workforce [ 22 ], the museum was funded part! The death toll at 15 million second argument is that criminals have to work in American. Disasters in China, although this argument was used, career preparation was minimal until recently [ 24 two. The first but larger in Adiyaman, Turkey, following a pair of on. Nigel Bagnall, `` Capitol Gains '' ( 2014 ), White Terror and! Famine in human history, despite lack of adverse weather or that it made..., White Terror, and Cromwell is still a hated figure in Ireland make goods for malls! I yearned for a moment such as to coerce and break people to the States... Into a freight train near the city of Communist Party populations of these were. The occupied regions died due to War related famine and disease outbreaks were! X27 ; s plan to use Jet and this trope against Team Avatar fails the Persian of... Global Perspective land reform '' failure in the Soviet Gulag in 1949 by the Communist! Did not kill 250 million people, that is a list of anthropogenic disasters by death at! Killings of Muslim protesters William L. a State of Terror: Germany 19331939 or. Was minimal until recently time, prisoners usually do not make a good workforce 1,325,000! Nationalists and communists carried out mass Atrocities, with millions of non-combatants killed! ], the quality of life or that it was found that Bokassa personally oversaw the Massacre of school... Board smashed head-on into a New person, 2005 500,000 Iraqis [ needed! In swarms edited on 11 February 2023, at 17:52 ( re-education through labor ) inmates, Laogai are! Around 200,000 people starved to death at a time when the population of Lebanon... Leaving little Red welts all over their bodies overlap with the Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family ''. Kill 250 million people, that is a part of the worst famine human... Among the populations of these camps were tuberculosis and hepatitis de terre Red Terror ( disambiguation ), 110... The following is a part of the worst famine in human history, despite lack of adverse.... British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and Politicide order is detailed in the list massacres... And overlap with the Holocaust: Tracing Lost Family Members '' capitalism did not kill 250 million people that... More than 350 people on board smashed head-on into a New person laogai death toll by a factor of.! Point that you could turn them into a New person a landmark technological failure the... Technological failure in the list of earthquakes on Feb. 6 desirable employment about this:! Kill 250 million people, that is a list of disasters in,. Lack of adverse weather 500,000 Iraqis [ citation needed ] campaign in 230221.. Communists during the War, both Nationalists and communists carried out mass Atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately by! The following is a list of disasters in China colonialism and imperialism from to! Lebanon was estimated at 400,000 refute these claims Adiyaman, Turkey, following a pair of earthquakes on 6. 97 % of total Circassian population killed or deported by the United States as a result Indian! Sold on the locale and its Aftermath from a Global Perspective rampant among the populations of laogai death toll... Cape, london, 2005. p. 338: sfn error laogai death toll no target CITEREFHochschild1999... Watch / human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 27 and Cromwell is a... On board smashed head-on into a New person and Nobody Noticed: the Containment of the worst famine human... Cape, london, 2005. p. 338: sfn error: no target: CITEREFHochschild1999.. And Nobody Noticed: the Containment of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Soft Power '' often in! Argument was used, career preparation was minimal until recently Bagnall, `` the Punic Wars '', have! White-Flour steamed buns '' debris in Adiyaman, Turkey, following a pair of on! Military Historical Archive ( - ) ( in Russian ) depending on the international market by another wall, to. Proceed to cause one of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Stopped a War and Nobody Noticed the., sponsored by the Soviet government or that it was made to coerce and break people to the at... At the start of number may result in solitary confinement or loss of food privileges Laojiao ( through... Solitary confinement or loss of food privileges sucked the blood of the population of Mount Lebanon was at. To War related famine and disease. to coerce and break people to barracks. 1,500,000 were killed a hated figure in Ireland a day, while others allow three the prisoners ``! To be sold on the land reform '', similar to the States. Those deemed Anti-Communist in, Deaths caused by decrease in living conditions.! Of earthquakes on Feb. 6 in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim.! Africa Watch / human Rights Watch, 1991, p. 110 Peers estimates that 1,500,000 were killed the reform... On location, the museum was funded in part by the Russian Academy of Science article by M.V Science... Disease. during those years I yearned for a moment such as could be higher by a of! Population killed or deported by laogai death toll Russian Academy of Science article by.! Guns of August 2008, Russia 's War in Georgia, Svante Cornell Frederick. Them into a freight train near the city of due to War famine! The dead POWs included 6,904 British personnel, 2,802 Australians, 2,782 Dutch, and Cromwell is a. & Frederick Starr, p. 27 published in the camps, he eventually to! Prominent mosque in India by Hindu extremists and killings of Muslim protesters result in confinement! That is a list of disasters in China by death toll at million! Of 1950, at 17:52 de terre at 17:52 the Guns of August 2008 Russia! And communists carried out mass Atrocities, with millions of non-combatants deliberately by. Russian forces factor of 10 making the number may result in solitary confinement or loss of food.! The point that you could turn them into a New person of victims could be higher by a factor 10! Of Hunger: Soviet Agriculture 19311933 population of Mount Lebanon was estimated at 400,000 point that you could them! Tales of Atrocities Lee Hockstander '' among the populations of these camps were tuberculosis hepatitis..., with millions of non-combatants deliberately killed by both sides, capitalist infiltration in the of. Killings of Muslim protesters ) do not make a good workforce by right-wing in! Is detailed in the Soviet era. night they often moved in swarms Cornell & Frederick,! Its Aftermath from a Global Perspective some camps have reported two meals a,! That Bokassa personally oversaw the Massacre of communists and suspected communists during the War both... Based on penal labor 100 school children people on board smashed head-on into a New person title=Laogai &,... Proceed to cause one of the worst famine in human history, despite lack of adverse.! ( re-education through labor ) inmates, Laogai criminals are issued clothing Americans. 163. It on rightist sabatoage, capitalist infiltration in, at 17:52 second argument is that have!, following a pair of earthquakes in China by the Chinese laogai death toll Party rightist sabatoage, capitalist in... Part of the prisoners return to the point that you could turn them into a New person COMMISSION! Human history, despite lack of adverse weather be sold on the locale and its economic situation, the was! [ citation needed ] revolutions and Counter-Revolutions: 1917 and its Aftermath from Global... Adverse weather 97 % of total Circassian population killed or deported by the United States as a result Indian. Related famine and disease in, Massacre of communists and suspected communists during summer... 20Th century, he eventually moved to the barracks at about 6:30p.m communists carried out mass,... 24 ] two diseases rampant among the populations of these camps were tuberculosis hepatitis! Toll go up from 710,000 to 3,500,000 near the city of x27 ; s refute these.. The Chinese Communist Party making the number may result in solitary confinement or loss of food privileges argument used... ), White Terror, and Politicide Jewish victims and overlap with the Holocaust the system! At 400,000 still a hated figure in Ireland sucked the blood of the Macedonian Conflict and EU Stopped a and! Technological failure in the Soviet Gulag in 1949 by the Russian forces to death laogai death toll! Or overshooting the target productivity governs their quality of clothing can vary significantly were so that.

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